RED-SHIFT AND QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS 
THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 
by Brian S. McMillan  

The basis of this theory was the May 29, 1919 eclipse measurements of deflected 
starlight in the region of our sun taken at Principe, Africa and Sobral, Brazil; 
in which Albert Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity" was put to the test 
concerning the bending of starlight near the locale of strong gravitational bodies 
such as our sun.  

The record of these observations had led me to question the origin of several 
observed phenomena in astrophysics.  

Since space has no property with which to affect matter or energy.  And energy 
is really matter in motion.  Then the "Cosmological Red-Shift" and the 
"Gravitational Red-Shift" should both be deducible from the results of the 
Principe-Sobral experiments.... and this is why.  The distance from the sun 
where the effect was most notable was within a couple of solar diameters and far 
less for the strongest observations.  Obviously light passing nearer the stellar 
surface will result in the greatest deflection because gravity is strongest the 
nearer one gets to the sun.  Using more modern, sensitive instruments,  it has 
since been found that at distances greater than several solar diameters there is 
still a very small deflection in the path of the starlight near our sun.  light 
traveling across the vast distances of space may at times only appear to come 
near the locale of the main body of galaxies, while the remaining space is 
relatively empty.  It is in this proximate space that strong magnetic field lines 
are present, and which will subsequently affect the light beams pathway.  Since 
the galaxies themselves are interconnected by a "Super Highway" of alternating 
positive and negative electron filaments and plunging through their core along 
their axis of rotation.  This will have an affect upon the passage of starlight 
or radiation even unto the apparently empty regions between galaxies.  These 
magnetic strings connecting nearly every galaxy in the universe constitute the 
bulk of dark matter and act as the second form of Gravity II as Coherent Standing 
Radio Emissions, operating within contemporary EPR experimental formats and 
allowing the function of CCD's or charge coupled devices.  

I believe that gravity at these distances is like that of light itself... purely 
electromagnetic in nature, and become a gravity of inertia only after the kinetic 
interaction of one material inertial reference frame with another.  And while the 
material magnetic effects may not appear to interact as obviously as a magnet 
does, since the electronic charges in a magnetic field are, in this sense, happy 
until they are crossed.  The composition of magnetism itself is, at its very 
heart, physical in nature; it is composed of positive and negative electron 
strands which by their very physical presence in a vacuum will be enough to affect 
or slowly deflect another electromagnetic wave such as light crossing their path 
or even a larger body such as an asteroid or comet.  

Since conventional radio waves are also composed of positive and negative electron 
loops, then they too will be affected by this passage near stellar bodies.  
Although this will be to a far lesser degree, as they have no continuous 
connection to the atom of emission and therefore will behave more like quanta.  
The direction or observed position of the radio source will be far more true as a 
result.  

Because conventional radio waves are composed of alternating electron-positron 
filaments emitted as circular loops and become deformed into a peanut shape as a 
result of their acceleration; their electronic configuration is what determines 
their mode of propagation and this is what makes radio waves different than light 
waves.  Every time a radio pulse occurs, whether in an antenna or in the nucleus 
of an atom, the period of the oscillation of these electron strings in the 
material which is emitting them determines the amplitude and the frequency.  In 
the case of an antenna, the pulse is made to run up and down the antenna shaft at 
a certain rate of speed; this determines the frequency.  The amplitude is 
determined by how far the pulsed current is allowed to travel up the antenna 
before it changes direction and peals off in the opposite direction and then down 
the antenna again.  The pulsed current is then terminated at the exact point 
along the antenna shaft where it began and both ends reconnect to form the loop... 
which is now rotating like a bicycle chain around it's gears, only without the 
gears, electro-mechanically it moves at the speed of light away from the emitter 
and the cycle, again begins anew.  Next, when the antenna of a receiver is met 
with this radio wave, the leading edge of the peanut shaped electron loop causes 
a pulse in current along the antenna shaft and impelling the electron filaments 
in the antenna in step with the received wave; for example up and then down, if 
the antenna is oriented thus... and the signal is translated as a pulsed current, 
to be tuned as information by the radio and it's operator.  

Both radio and light are composed of electron "STRING"... and while they overlap 
within the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of their wavelength or frequency, 
their modes of propagation are, however, entirely different.  This difference is, 
in part determined by the configuration of their electronic components.  This 
will set limitations or boundaries, if you will, on both the frequency and the 
wavelengths of radio and optical emissions. These differences will, therefore 
determine the separate classification of radio-emissions from optical-emissions 
and these in turn, from those of free electrons or beta emissions etc.

It has been deduced that the farther away that distant galaxies become, that we 
are actually looking back into the past.  What most of us do not realize is that 
the farther light has to travel from distant galaxies to reach us, the more times 
that light gets bent in the gravitational fields of objects between those distant 
galaxies and earth.  Since a very small deviation in the trajectory of an object, 
in this case light, will translate into a greater deflection of it's path over 
an increasingly greater distance of travel.  The result of this effect is that 
the observed position of the galaxy is, in most cases, different than the actual 
position.  And that the farther away the observed galaxy is, the greater the 
change in its apparent position will be.  This also means that everything in the 
universe is actually closer than it appears, because light does not travel in a 
straight line.  The relative movement of the "lensing" objects will cause the 
optical pathway to fluctuate and therefore, the variability in the intensity of 
the quasar will also appear as a fluctuation.  

So in a nutshell.  The greater the distance that light has to travel between the 
earth and the star that emitted it.  The greater the chance of the light's 
interception and deflection in the gravitational fields of other stellar or 
celestial bodies.  

Since all radiation in the optical wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum... 
that is light; has an optical component and a non-optical component.  That is the 
hard component of the light-photon has in it's wake a filament of alternating 
positive and negative electrons connecting the hard component with the atom of 
emission.  When the light photon is bent in the locale of a strong gravitational 
body, the filament in the light photons wake will also be bent.  The more times a 
light beam is bent the greater the red-shift will become; like the number of times 
a rope goes around a block and tackle.  This is because the hard component of 
light has a frequency and therefore a wavelength associated with that frequency.  
The electronic filament in the wake of light has a radius.  As this radial 
structure is being bent in a curve around large gravitational bodies over great 
distances, the result is that this structure will become longer, or 'stretched' 
in its linear dimension along the axis of transmission.  Since the gravitational 
bodies are themselves in motion; the angular distance between deflecting objects 
and the optical pathway may vary over time, with their relative positions to that 
of the optical pathway always remaining greater than zero.  In some cases the 
number of gravitational bodies affecting the optical path my be so great that the 
phenomenon observed as quasar is the result. The application of the 
"Einstein Shift" theory was previously thought to be represented by a single 
gravitational body and was therefore ruled out on the basis that the gravitational 
object had to be of such great mass to cause such a large red-shift, that such an 
object could not exist in nature.  However, that the folded optical pathway and 
the resulting red-shift in this theory is a consequence of many optical 
deflections reveals its compounded nature to the degree that many lesser masses 
can add up to the effect of a single great mass.  

This theory for Quasi-Stellar Objects has never been considered, because the 
presence of the electronic filament in the wake of all optical radiation was not 
previously known.  The most unusual consequence in the application of this theory 
is that while a quasar may be observed on the one hand in a certain direction in 
space.  This very same quasar appearing as a conventional galaxy from a different 
direction may be quite visible under otherwise normal circumstances within the 
same field of view, and never known or suspected to be the same object.  This is 
the "Holographic Universe" and the direct result of the Gravity II Standing Radio 
Effect.  

With this said, a careful review and possible revision for the assignment in red 
wavelength objects of the "Doppler Shift" type, may be in order.  This would 
explain why nearly 100% of the spectral shifted objects in the entire universe are 
toward the red.  While it is almost certain that our universe is expanding, it may 
not be that the objects that fill it are expanding at nearly the same rate.   So 
don't go out and rewrite the "Hubble Law" just yet.  

I feel obligated to clarify this last statement.  I have a theory that when the 
universe first formed.  That a big implosion occurred.  This implosion was the 
result of a flex in the continuous fifth-state matter from which the neutrino was 
born.  Like an infinite matrix of cubes with spheres of space of almost the same 
dimensions at their centers.  After the "Big Implosion" or "Bang", if you prefer, 
began, the material started to rush inward as the "Great Barrier" expanded and 
deconstructed.  More and more material fragmenting from the "Fifth State Matter 
Pool".  

Our "Bubble" will probably never collapse from the outside, as the material may 
already be congealing or collapsing nearest the center from which the implosion 
first began.  And therefore, our "Universal Domain" may actually exist as a 
spherical "onion skin like" layer, with "The Great Wall" being a remnant of our 
angular position to the center.  The condensing "Fifth State Matter Pool" could 
already be catching up to us... but don't worry, we may be carried along until 
we merge with another universe... hopefully!  However, this is only a theory.  

An interesting note of this phenomenon of gravity bending light is this.  If we 
create an imaginary sphere around a galaxy, and from the very center of the galaxy 
a star emits a light beam straight up or down along it's axis of rotation.  And at 
the same time a light beam is emitted from the star along the galactic plane.  The 
light traveling along it's axis should reach the surface of (our imaginary) 
galactic sphere sooner than the light traveling along the plane of the ecliptic.  
This might be one reason why "Galaxy Jets" appear to be so prominent along the 
upper and lower regions of the "disc" as the magnetic filaments of Gravity II 
Standing Radio Emissions connecting every galaxy with it's neighbor are also at 
their highest concentrations in these areas.  

Signed, Brian S. McMillan  Copyright 1980-2003  

Oh yea, one last thing... I found an equation for the Doppler style Red-Shift that 
is quite interesting.  I've seen it before, but quite frankly I had forgot about 
it.  
________________________________________________________________

From "The Universal Book of Astronomy by David Darling, p. 419, "redshift z"  

IF: z = delta lambda / lambda = ((1+v/c)/(1-v/c))^(1/2) -1  

WHERE:  z = v/c when the velocity v is small compared to the velocity of light.   

________________________________________________________________

This last section illustrates the geometry of the universe through the fundamental 
constants of physics as these values may apply to the known relationships and 
their respective formula.  The ratios or proportions as yielded in (SI) are treated as 
dimensional without regard to magnitude except as fractions of one.  Some of the 
values have been substituted for the Lorentz transformation, which is in reality the 
mathematical equivalent of the formula for the "Oblate Spheroid".  This formula 
has also been utilized in the deduction of the "redshift"... consequently, the 
relationship between the Planck constant, the Coulomb (electronic charge) and 
their relationship to the classic electron radius is established through simple 
geometric relation as this may pertain to the Standing Radio Effect and its 
composition as that of magnetic lines of flux, along with their presence as the 
primary instrument of "Gravity II" and progenitor of light. 

Plank-redshift baseline

IF:  (1- 2.99792458^2 /16.02187195)^(1/2)  
>> = 6.626045764     Plank constant (abstract)  

THEN:  -6 * (((1- 2.99792458^2 /16.02187159)/
>>  (1+ 2.99792458^2/ 16.02187159))^(1/2) -1)  
>>  =  2.817924605    classic radius electron (abstract)  

HENCE:  10^3 * (2.817924605/ 6 +1) * (1+ 2.99792458^2/ 16.02187159)^(1/2)  
>>  =  1836.159258    mass proton to free electron ratio  

SO:  1836.159258 * 9.109388616/ 10^31 kg  
>>  =  1.672628824 /10^27 kg mass proton (SI)  

HENCE:  10^1 * (1- 2.817924605/ 6) * (1+ 2.99792458^2/ 16.02187159)^(1/2)  
>>  =  6.626045763     Plank constant (abstract)  

IF:  2 pi * r  =  circumference  

WHERE:  r = 1.054567936 quantum of angular momentum  

THEN:  2 pi * 1.054567936  =  6.626045764  Plank constant (abstract)  

Signed: LUCKY MAN  


I had to add this final section to clarify the nature of light and gravity.  I probably 
should have placed this at the beginning... but non the less here it is:  

Since it has been proven beyond doubt that through the results of the 
Principe-Sobral experiments, light is affected by gravity.  And that the 
contemporary theory of gravity as it stands in the Newtonian and Relativity 
formulations both include factors of 'mass' in those equations as well as in their 
descriptions; one must conclude that the proposition that light is without mass, is 
false.  Or that our understanding of gravity is incomplete.  Or both!  It is not 
enough to merely state that mass and energy are equivalent without defining the 
specific properties by which they might share this equivalence.  

It has been found that light is not affected by inertial reference frames, except in 
the case of wavelength in the blueshift or redshift.  That is the velocity of light 
remains constant in all frames of reference.  Oddly enough this has been proven 
through rigorous experiment.  

So one must come to the conclusion that light, though not affected by inertia, 
must possess a property that is affected by gravity, and that this "Gravity" is an 
instrument with more than one form.   As it turns out, there are two forms of 
gravity.  Gravity I, inertia... and Gravity II, electromagnetism.  Since the sun 
generates the greatest magnetic field in our solar system... and our systems 
planets are in orbit about the sun, so we share the same inertial reference frame 
in our galaxy with our sun.  We also share our sun's magnetic field.  Of the two 
effects, "inertia" and "electromagnetism"... with light not affected by inertia, the 
remaining effect is electromagnetism.  And it is this remaining magnetic field 
which must affect that property shared between itself and light.  

ON THE ELECTRONIC COMPOSITION 
OF MATTER AND ENERGY  
by Brian S. McMillan  

IF: The mass of the electronic mass unit is taken to be approximately equal to 
>> 1.51093954 /10^32 kg  

THEN:  1.51093954 /10^32 * 6.02213713 * 10^0 * 2070 
>> = 1.883510617 /10^28 kg free mass muon  

SO:  3 * (1.51093954 * 2070) = 938.2934543 energy proton  

HENCE:  16.02187159 /2.99792458^2 * 3 (1.51093954 * 2070) 
>> = 1.672671 free mass proton (abstract)  

This means that the muon may break free from the proton as a symmetry 
equalivent of the quark since the muon is approximately one third of the mass 
of the proton in units of energy.  

IF:  16.02187159 + (1.674928746 * 2.99792458^2)^2  
>>  =  2.4263  electron Compton wavelength  (abstract)  

AND:  1.674928746 / 2.99792458^2 / 92380 / 2.4263  
>>  =  8.314429865  molar gas constant  (abstract)  

AND:  1.1*pi * (1- 2.4263 / 9.80665)^(1/2)  
>>  =  2.997924553  c  speed of light in vacuum  

AND:  1.10000001 * pi * (1- 2.4263 / 9.80665)^(1/2)  
>>  =  2.99792458    c  (exact) abstract  

If all matter of greater mass than the electron is composed of positive and 
negative electrons.  This indicates that any fundamental particle possessing 
charge, such as a muon or proton, for example the proton is composed of 
one more positron than electron resulting in a single positive charge... or even 
any charge neutral object... that is a neutron, tau neutrino or muon type 
neutrino are composed of equal numbers of electron-positron units, resulting
in a net charge of zero.  

Since every electron or positron is composed of two electron-type neutrino.  
This also means that the electron-type neutrino is the only true neutrino in 
nature.  

THE GRAVITATIONAL LIMIT OF LIGHT VELOCITY 
AND PHOTO-MECHANICAL THEORY 
by Brian S. McMillan  

According to the Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein, the velocity of 
light has a top speed limit of it's best known scientifically measured value of 
2.99792458 * 10^8 meters per second or 186,282.4 miles per second... Why?  

Oddly enough this theory has been tested through rigorous experiment.  There 
is plenty of research material on this subject so I will not attempt to elaborate 
beyond the synopsis below.  

Material objects other than light or radio waves, travel at speeds which are 
cumulative to their individual velocities.  That is we can add up their separate 
velocities to reach a greater relative velocity.  Well... not so for the speed of light.  
All attempts to measure a cumulative velocity for the speed of light result in 
186,282.4 miles per second in a vacuum.  

Here is my theory... What if there was no top end velocity or speed limit for 
matter in a vacuum.  What if light propagated through space because of an 
electronic mechanism that does have a constant velocity in a vacuum... and that 
light was also emitted and absorbed, electronically at this same rate, no matter 
what the relative velocities of the objects involved.  Since planets and galaxies... 
even atoms, all bind or connect to one another through a mechanism which 
involves electrons and this electromagnetic mechanism is gravity, then these 
electronic processes will dictate the real or apparent velocity of the optical 
signal.  This is why the key formula for Lorentz Transformation includes the 
relative, differential or divided velocities of the radiation as subtracted into one.  

So it is really electromagnetic gravity which will restrict the velocity of light, as 
well as every other material body, since all celestial objects including planets, 
stars and galaxies are connected to each other through this electromagnetic 
gravitational mechanism.    


AS:  (1- v^2 /c^2)^(1/2)  

With this in mind, since the light signal propagates as a fixed photo-mechanical 
or electronic mechanism, what we are actually doing with the Lorentz 
Transformation is setting this mathematical limit as a velocity of 'one'.  Since the 
universal vacuum has no resistance to free radiation and therefore to velocity, 
the result is that all objects sharing in the same frame of reference will actually 
emit and absorb light from the reference frame of slowing down to a standard 
of velocity rather than adding up to a sum of relative velocities.  Since Albert 
Einstein proposed the Special and General Theory's of Relativity as a model for 
this natural phenomena, it would seem that the relative frame of reference to the 
observers will make no clear distinction of this as an observable in nature.  
Unless of course it is discovered that the propagation of light is really a 
photo-electronic mechanism, dependent upon a fixed velocity.  This is why the 
speed of light remains so elusive as a Newtonian Concept.  It is however, in the 
end, very Newtonian.  This also may be why light travels at a slower rate than 
free electrons or neutrinos in water, which results in the "Cherenkov effect".  If 
light is viewed by modern science as having no material mass, then the theory 
which I have proposed would go a long way toward explaining this.  

For example:  If groups of celestial objects such as stars or galaxies or even 
clusters of galaxies share in the same inertial reference frame in relation to the 
cosmic radiation that they may emit, then free radiation or cosmic rays which are 
not light, will be emitted from their stellar source and share in the combined 
reference frames of the emitting and absorbing objects.  since light is not 
propagated as free radiation... but rather, the optical or visible electronic 
component, has in it's wake a magnetic or non-optical filament as a string of 
alternating electron-positron units connecting every optical component of light 
with the atom of emission, and is therefore bound to the frame of reference of 
the emitting object, then the cosmic source which emits light will be the 
reference frame which is non-additive to the absorbing body or object.  That 
the optical signal may be affected in its pathway by other gravitational objects, 
through the light signals mechanism of propagation, will further complicate 
the relative motion of the optical signal in relation to the receiving body.  
See, RED-SHIFT AND QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, 
by Brian S. McMillan.  

Signed: Brian S. McMillan, Copyright 1993-2006  

Visit: www.godkings.com